Psychometric properties of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) applied in clinical settings

Abstract

Purpose: To synthesise the evidence on the psychometric properties and utility of the WHODAS 2.0 in somatic patients in clinical settings.

Methods: A systematic search in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL (years 2010-2025) using subject headings and free text was conducted. Additional grey literature and references were screened. Psychometric properties were appraised using Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) risk of bias and rating of psychometric properties. Certainty was graded with modified GRADE.

Results: Forty-one studies were included. WHODAS 2.0 showed sufficient test-retest reliability for the 12-item and 36-item versions. The 12-item version demonstrated sufficient construct validity and consistent responsiveness. Structural validity was inconsistent across versions, constraining interpretation of internal consistency. Evidence for measurement error and criterion validity was weak or inconclusive for the 12-item and 36-item versions. WHODAS 2.0 was feasible and acceptable, though heterogeneity in recall periods and scoring limited comparability.

Conclusion: WHODAS 2.0, particularly the 12-item version, is a clinically useful instrument for assessing functioning and disability across a range of clinical settings. Future research should prioritise standardised administration and scoring and strengthen structural and content validity through context-specific studies to optimise psychometric performance and clinical utility.

Keywords: WHODAS 2.0; clinical setting; disability; functioning; measurement; psychometric; rehabilitation.